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Tarikh al-Sudan (Histoire des Songhois et des Rois du Soudan)

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For centuries external Muslim authors used the expression bilad al-Sudan (country of the Blacks) to cast Sahelians as the Other. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Sahelian scholars began composing their own historical chronicles in Arabic. These authors drew upon local oral tradition but lacked direct access to early written sources. This detailed narrative of the Songhay empire was originally composed in Timbuktu during the seventeenth century by a scholar and imam of the Sankore mosque, Abd el-Rahman al-Sa’di.

Tarikh al-Sudan (Histoire des Songhois et des Rois du Soudan), Composite manuscript on paper

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Bibliothèque de l’Institut de France