Aunque los comentarios al Apocalipsis de Beato seguían siendo populares, los iluminadores del siglo XII reemplazaron las referencias a la arquitectura andalusí visibles en algunas copias anteriores, como la que se encuentra en la entrada de esta galería, con formas románicas más actualizadas. Los iluminadores de estas páginas se inspiraron en las tradiciones visuales de dos regiones remotas, Inglaterra y Bizancio, lo que pone de manifiesto la orientación de los mecenas y los artistas monásticos hacia otros territorios cristianos a finales del siglo XII.
The Apocalypse commentaries of Beatus continued to enjoy popularity, though twelfth-century illuminators replaced the quotations of Andalusi architecture seen in earlier copies, such as the one at this gallery’s entrance, with more up-to-date Romanesque forms. The illuminators of these pages found inspiration in the visual traditions of two far-flung locations, England and Byzantium, signaling Spanish monastic artists’ and patrons’ orientation toward other Christian lands in the later twelfth century.
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Title:Leaf from a Beatus Manuscript: the First Angel Sounds the Trumpet; Fire, Hail-stones, and Blood are Cast Upon the Earth
Date:ca. 1180
Culture:Spanish
Medium:Tempera, gold, and ink on parchment
Dimensions:Overall (folio): 17 1/2 x 11 13/16 in. (44.4 x 30 cm) Mat: 22 x 16 in. (55.9 x 40.6 cm)
Classification:Manuscripts and Illuminations
Credit Line:Purchase, The Cloisters Collection, Rogers and Harris Brisbane Dick Funds, and Joseph Pulitzer Bequest, 1991
Accession Number:1991.232.8
From the Benedictine monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña, Burgos.; Victor Martin Le Roy, Neuilly-sur-Seine ; Jean-Joseph Marquet de Vasselot, Paris ; [ Alain Moatti, Paris (sold 1991)]
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de Dios de la Rada y Delgado, Juan, and Juan de Malibran. Memoria que presentan al Excmo. Sr. Ministro de Fomento, dando cuenta de los trabajos practicados y adquisiciones hechas para el Museo Arqueologico Nacional. Madrid: s.n., 1871. pp. 26, 80.
Sentenach y Cabañes, Narciso. "Miniaturas notables del Museo Arqueológico Nacional." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Excursiones 15 (December 1907). pp. 215–18.
Leprieur, Paul, André Pératé, and P. André Lemoisne. Catalogue Raisonné de la Collection Martin le Roy: Volume 5, Peintures; Miniatures et dessins. Paris: Imprimerie Durand, 1909. no. 33, pp. 131–40, fig. 31–34.
Sanders, Henry Arthur, ed. Beati in Apocalipsin libri duodecim. Papers and Monographs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 7. Rome: American Academy in Rome, 1930. p. xiii.
Neuss, Wilhelm. Die Apokalypse des hl. Johannes in der altspanischen und altchristlichen Bibel-Illustration (das Problem der Beatus-Handschriften). Vol. 1. Münster: Aschendorffschen Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1931. pp. 51–53.
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Neuss, Wilhelm. "Die illustrationen der Handschrift von Gerona im Lichte der übrigen Beatus-Illustrationen." In Sancti Beati a Liebana in Apocalypsin, Codex Gerundensis: Commentary. Olten: Editions Urs Graf, 1962. p. 54.
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Eco, Umberto. Beato di Liébana: Miniature del Beato de Fernando I y Sancha (Codice B. N. Madrid Vit. 14-2). I Segni dell'uomo, Vol. 13. Parma: Franco Maria Ricci, 1973. p. 153.
Klein, Peter K. Der ältere Beatus-Kodex Vitr. 14-1 der Biblioteca Nacional zu Madrid: Studien zur Beatus-Illustration und der spanischen Buchmalerei des 10. Jahrhunderts. Vol. 1. Hildesheim and New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1976. pp. 85, 414, 442 n. 23, 469 n. 194, 487 n. 308.
Mundo, Anscario M., and Manuel Sánchez Mariana, ed. El comentario de Beato al Apocalipsis: catálogo de los códices. Madrid: Biblioteca Nacional Spain, 1976. pp. 36–38.
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Emmerson, Richard K., and Susanna Lewis. "Census and Bibliography of Medieval Manuscripts Containing Apocalypse Illustrations, ca. 800–1500: Part I." Traditio 40 (1984). no. 21, pp. 364–65.
Luaces, Joaquín Yarza. "Beatus de Girona." In Thesaurus: L'Art als Bisbats de Catalunya, 1000–1800. Barcelona: Centre Cultural de la Caixa de Pensions, 1985. pp. 29–30.
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Revenga, Luis, ed. Los Beatos. Madrid: Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid, 1986. no. 16, p. 115.
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Williams, John. "Imaginería Apocalíptica en el románico tardío español." In Actas [del] Simposio Internacional sobre 'O Pórtico da Gloria e a Arte do Seu Tempo,' Santiago de Compostela, 3-8 Outubro de 1988. Colección de difusión cultural, Vol. 6. [Santiago de Compostela]: Xunta de Galicia, 1991. pp. 372–74.
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Alonso Cardona, Esther. "Aproximación al Beato del Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid." Boletín del Museo Arqueológico Nacional 11 (1993). pp. 63–78.
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Little, Charles T., ed. The Art of Medieval Spain, A.D. 500–1200. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993. no. 153, pp. 300–301.
Williams, John. The Illustrated Beatus: A Corpus of the Illustrations of the Commentary on the Apocalypse. Volume 1, Introduction. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 1994. no. 21, p. 11.
Alonso Cardona, Esther. "Estructuración del Beato del Museo Arqueológico Nacional." Boletín del Museo Arqueológico Nacional 13 (1995). pp. 88–91, 94–102.
Evans, Helen C., and William D. Wixom, ed. The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997. pp. 478–79.
Luaces, Joaquín Yarza. Beato de Liébana: Manuscritos Iluminados. Barcelona: M. Moleiro Editor, 1998. pp. 234–48.
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Franco Mata, Ángela. "Las Ilustraciones del Beato de San Pedro de Cardeña / The Illustrations in the San Pedro de Cardeña Beatus." In Beato de Liebana, Códice de San Pedro de Cardeña: Commentary. Barcelona: M. Moleiro Editor, 2001. pp. 117–273, ill. p. 181.
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Wixom, William D., and Margaret Lawson. "Picturing the Apocalypse: Illustrated Leaves from a Medieval Spanish Manuscript." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, n.s., 59, no. 3 (Winter 2002). pp. 3–56, fig. 62, ill. p. 32.
Williams, John. The Illustrated Beatus: A Corpus of the Illustrations of the Commentary on the Apocalypse. Volume 5, The Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. London: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2003. no. 21, pp. 24–30, fig. 160, (listed as "Pc" in table on pp. 373–80).
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