Chessmen (32)
The British have red jackets and green bases, the Indians green jackets and red bases. Both kings consist of an elephant with mahout, and a rajah with a second figure in an open howdah. The queens are similar, except that neither figure is a rajah. On the camels, as bishops, are a Hindu on the red side and a John Bull-like figure on the green. The knights are horses, and the rooks are boats, an Indian one with a pagoda-like awning and a British cutter with mast and rudder, both with small figures. The Hindu pawns hold swords and wear pleated skirts; the British pawns are infantrymen with muskets.
The use of boats instead of chariots is a somewhat late innovation in Indian chess, found in a few other Oriental countries, Siam and Annam, for example. The only European country in which it occurs is Russia, a phenomenon for which no very convincing explanation has yet been produced. Trade connections with India were, however, established in the reign of Ivan the Terrible (1544–1584) and continued later, although no territorial claims were established, and perhaps this has some bearing on the problem. The replacement of the original elephant (bishop) by a camel is common in Indian figural sets. It also appears in the nomenclature of the nonfigural pieces in the greater part of central Asia and the Deccan, and in Mongol chess. In Indian chess where the boat is not used as the rook, the elephant functions in its stead.
Sets such as this, representing an opposition of British and Indians, and elegantly carved, were probably made especially for British clients. The set is reputed to have belonged to the famous first governor of India, Warren Hastings (1732–1818), whose career was centered in Bengal, but no proof for this suggestion exisits. The period, however, would seem correct.
The use of boats instead of chariots is a somewhat late innovation in Indian chess, found in a few other Oriental countries, Siam and Annam, for example. The only European country in which it occurs is Russia, a phenomenon for which no very convincing explanation has yet been produced. Trade connections with India were, however, established in the reign of Ivan the Terrible (1544–1584) and continued later, although no territorial claims were established, and perhaps this has some bearing on the problem. The replacement of the original elephant (bishop) by a camel is common in Indian figural sets. It also appears in the nomenclature of the nonfigural pieces in the greater part of central Asia and the Deccan, and in Mongol chess. In Indian chess where the boat is not used as the rook, the elephant functions in its stead.
Sets such as this, representing an opposition of British and Indians, and elegantly carved, were probably made especially for British clients. The set is reputed to have belonged to the famous first governor of India, Warren Hastings (1732–1818), whose career was centered in Bengal, but no proof for this suggestion exisits. The period, however, would seem correct.
Artwork Details
- Title: Chessmen (32)
- Date: late 18th–early 19th century
- Culture: Indian
- Medium: Ivory with polychrome lacquer and gilding
- Dimensions: Height (King): 3 in. (7.6 cm);
Height (each pawn): 1 1/2 in. (3.8 cm) - Classification: Chess Sets
- Credit Line: Gift of Gustavus A. Pfeiffer, 1948
- Object Number: 48.174.151a–p, aa–pp
- Curatorial Department: European Sculpture and Decorative Arts
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Indian, Gujarat
late 16th century
possibly Indian
late 18th century
probably Indian, Murshidabad
ca. 1790
Indian, Vizagapatam
ca. 1760–65
Indian, Bengal
late 18th century
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