Given their command of the specialized, esoteric technology for transforming raw ore into essential tools, metalsmiths have occupied a unique place in Mande society. Archaeological investigation shows that sectors of Jenne-jeno were inhabited by blacksmiths as early as A.D. 400. Outside the residential compound of a smith, archaeologists unearthed what appears to have been a shrine with tenth-century offerings of a fired-clay vessel, adorned with serpent, human, and animal imagery, and scraps of iron dispersed among a heap of sandstone slabs. The masterful manipulation of both iron and imported copper is exemplified in the exquisite detail of this amuletic talisman produced through multiple castings.
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Sahel: Art and Empires on the Shores of the Sahara," January 28–October 25, 2020.
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Garrard, Timothy F. Africa, the Art of a Continent, edited by Tom Phillips. New York: Prestel, 1995.
Tribal Sculpture, Masterpieces from Africa, South East Asia and the Pacific in the Barbier-Mueller Museum. London: Thames and Hudson, 1995.
Meyer, Laura. Les Arts des Metaux en Afrique Noire. Saint-Maur: Sepia International Inc., 1997.
Reinhardt, Brigitte Dr. Afrika- Afrikanische Skulptur aus der Sammlung Barbier Mueller. Ulm: Ulmer Museum, 2000.
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Baeke, Viviane, Yaëlle Biro, Alain-Michel Boyer, Dr. Jeremy Coote, Michael Gunn, Ingrid Heermann, Anita Herle, Lorenz Homberger, Steven Hooper, Kirk W. Huffman, Manuel Jordán, Christian Kaufmann, Eric Kjellgren, Alisa LaGamma, Louis Perrois, Deborah Waite, and Jean Paul Barbier-Mueller. A Legacy of Collecting: African and Oceanic Art from the Barbier-Mueller Museum, Geneva at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Geneva: Musée Barbier-Mueller, 2009.
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de Grunne, Bernard. Djenné-Jeno: 1000 Years of Terracotta Statuary in Mali. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014.
LaGamma, Alisa. Sahel: Art and Empires on the Shores of the Sahara. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2020.
The Met's collection of art of the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa, the Pacific Islands, and North, Central, and South America comprises more than eleven thousand works of art of varied materials and types, representing diverse cultural traditions from as early as 3000 B.C.E. to the present.