A refugee from czarist Russia, where he was an officer in the cavalry regiment of Grand Duke Michael and in the footguard of Czar Nicholas, John Graham arrived in the United States in 1920, where he began his second career as an artist and critic. His early training at the Art Students League with such teachers as John Sloan and Kenneth Hayes Miller from 1922 to 1924 is in sharp contrast to his subsequent avant-garde association. He made frequent trips to Paris and became friendly with the Surrealist group there, although his style remained eclectic: while his figurative painting displayed affinities with Giorgio de Chirico and André Derain, he was also making small, purely abstract compositions that he called "minimalist."

In the early 1940s Graham underwent a radical philosophical transition, during which his belief in Marxism and psychoanalysis was replaced by more magical thinking. His taste for modernism shifted to the old masters, particularly those of the Renaissance. "Celia" was painted during these transitional years and is one of the many portraits of imaginary women dating from this time. In these paintings he achieved a monumental reinterpretation of classical art. Here, the calm and dignity of the lovely woman, her elegant silhouette, and her monumental solidity are reminiscent of ancient Roman portraiture, of Ingres, and of Raphael, while the forms, as well as the curious sense of detachment from place and time hint at biomorphic Surrealist sculpture. The tension between the figure and the flat pictorial structure belies Graham's avowed dismissal of modernism. He maintained that he gave his sitters staring (sometimes crossed) eyes not as an expressive device, "but as a means to anchor space to a point in the room, to create more tension...to make the figures immutable, fixed and timeless."

Graham was also an active collector and critic of contemporary art, and encouraged the careers of many young artists. In 1942 he organized an exhibition in which he combined the works of the great European modernists—Picasso, Braque, Matisse—with young unknown American expressionists, among them Willem de Kooning, Lee Krasner, and Jackson Pollock. It was the first exhibition for the latter two. Arshile Gorky and the sculptor David Smith were also among his friends and admirers.

Signature: inscribed under arm: "IONANNUS"

Washington, DC: The Phillips Collection, July 9 - September 4, 1988. ¦John Graham: Artist and Avatar¦.

Jacksonville, Florida: Jacksonville Art Museum, February 9 - April 14, 1985. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Museum of Art, May 5 - June 30, 1985. New York: National Academy of Design, June 14 - September 1, 1985. Evanston, Illinois: Terra Museum of American Art, September 22 - November 10, 1985. Little Rock, Arkansas: Arkansas Arts Center, December 1 - January 19, 1986. Colorado Springs, Colorado: Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, February 9 - March 30, 1986. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Museum of Art, April 20 - June 8, 1986. ¦The Figure in 20th Century American Art: Selections from The Metropolitan Museum of Art¦. American Federation of Arts travelling exhibition. P. 126 (discussion), p. 127 (illus.).

Moscow: Pushkin Museum, December 15 - February 15, 1978. Leningrad: Hermitage Museum, March 15 - May 15, 1978. Minsk: Palace of Art, June 15 - August 15, 1978. ¦Representations of America¦.

Washington, DC: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, May 20 - October 20, 1976.

San Juan, Puerto Rico: Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, April 19 - June 2, 1974. ¦Twentieth Century Art: U.S.A. from The Metropolitan Museum of Art¦. no. 20, p. 54 (ill.), p. 54 (discussed).

New York: Museum of Modern Art, August 13 - October 13, 1968. Athens, Georgia: Georgia Museum of Art, December 3 - 24, 1968. Grinnell, Iowa: Grinnell College, January 21 - February 11, 1969. Houston, Texas: Museum of Fine Arts, April 18 - May 26, 1969. ¦John D. Graham Paintings and Drawings¦. no. 6.

New York: Marlborough-Gerson Gallery, September 27 - October 14, 1967. ¦The New York Painter, A Century of Teaching: Morse to Hofmann¦. P. 61 (illustrated in b/w).

Sartoga Springs, New York: Skidmore College, 1967. ¦John Graham¦.

New York: Andre Emmerich Gallery, May 25 - June 30, 1966. No. 10 (unpaginated).

New York: Andre Emmerich Gallery, April 26 - May 21, 1966. ¦7 Decades, 1895 - 1965: Crosscurrents in Modern Art¦. p. 137, no. 249 (illustrated in black and white).

New York: Gallery Mayer, October 17 - October 28, 1961. ¦Homage: John D. Graham¦. No. 14, illustrated in black and white.
Chicago, Illinois: The Arts Club of Chicago, 1963. Minneapolis: The University Gallery of the University of Minnesota, 1964. ¦John Graham¦. no. 8 (illustrated).

Ashton, Dore. Exhibition at the Andre Emmerich Gallery in Studio, vol. 172 (August 1966, p. 100 (ill.).

Rose, Barbara. The New York Painter in Artforum. Vol. 6, no. 3 (Nov. 1967). P. 58 (ill. and mentioned), p. 7.

Metropolitan Museum of Art. Notable Acquisitions- 1965-1975.